Mauritius Parliament, Website

The National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is Mauritius's unicameral legislature, which was called the Legislative Assembly until 1992, when the country became a republic. The Constitution of Mauritius provides for the parliament of Mauritius to consist of the President and the National Assembly. The parliament of Mauritius is modelled after the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy, where members of parliament are voted in at regular general elections, on the basis of a first past the post system.

It consists of 70 members, 62 directly elected for five-year terms in multi-member constituencies and 8 additional members, known as "best losers", appointed by the Electoral Supervisory Commission to ensure that ethnic and religious minorities are equitably represented. The Government is primarily responsible to the National Assembly and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members.

Constitutional Role

The National assembly is supreme and determines the functioning of various constitutional institutions of the country.

President

The President and Vice-President are both elected by the assembly for a five-year term.

Government

The National Assembly is essential to determine which party/group forms the government and therefore the executive of the country. As per the constitution, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of the assembly. Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the President appoints the person who has the support of the House, or who is most likely to command the support of the House—normally the leader of the largest party in the assembly.

Opposition

The political party or alliance which has the second largest majority forms the Official Opposition and its leader is normally nominated by the President of the Republic as the Leader of the Opposition.

Composition

The Assembly is made of up of 70 members, of whom 62 are directly elected in 21 constituencies. The island of Mauritius is divided into 20 constituencies returning three members each and that of Rodrigues is a single constituency returning two members. After a general election, the Electoral Supervisory Commission may nominate up to a maximum of 8 additional members in accordance with section 5 of the First Schedule of the Constitution with a view to correct any imbalance in community representation in Parliament. This system of nominating members is commonly called the best loser system.

The political party or party alliance which wins the majority of seats in the Assembly forms the government and its leader usually becomes the Prime Minister. It is the Prime Minister who selects the members of the composition of the Cabinet from elected members of the Assembly, except for the Attorney General, who may not be an elected member of the Assembly.

List of political parties represented in the Assembly

A new assembly was elected on December 10, 2014 and a new coalition government was appointed with Sir Anerood Jugnauth as prime minister. The following political parties are represented in the assembly (based on the number of MPs):

Procedures

After a new assembly is elected, the President, by proclamation, may open the new session fixing the date and time of the sitting. The government message (replacing the speech of the throne) is read by the President. The Assembly normally sits on Tuesdays as from 11:30 AM when it is in session. The President acting on the advice of the prime minister may at any time adjourn, prorogue or dissolve the assembly.

Officials/Functions of the Assembly

The following positions/body have important functions in the assembly. They are as follows:

• The Speaker - The main function of the Speaker is to ensure that the Standing Orders and Rules of the National Assembly are complied with. The Speaker interprets and enforces the Standing Orders and for the purpose of interpretation, recourse is often had to Erskine May's Parliamentary Practice, responds to Members' points of order and give rulings when necessary. The Speaker symbolizes the authority of Parliament.
• The Deputy Speaker - The Deputy Speaker assists and acts as the Speaker when the latter is out of office.
• The Leader of the House (Prime Minister) - The President acting on the advice of the prime minister may at any time adjourn, prorogue or dissolve the assembly.
• The Leader of the Opposition - The office holder is usually to level criticism against the policy and administration of Government and to outline the alternative policies.
• The Attorney General - The office holder is the national legal adviser to the government and the assembly.
• The Government Chief Whip - Along with the Opposition whip, sets the agenda for the parliamentary work.
• The Opposition Whip - Along with the Chief Whip, sets the agenda for the parliamentary work.
• The Government Deputy Chief Whip - Replaces the Chief Whip when the latter is out of office.
• The Chairperson of Public Accounts Committee
• The Deputy Chairperson of Committees
• The Clerk
• The Mace Symbol of Authority
• The Serjeant-At-Arms
• The Secretariat
• The Library
• The Parliamentary Reporters

2014 legislative election

• Of the 47 elected Lepep seats, 33 were won by the MSM, 7 by the PMSD and 7 by the ML. All four top-up seats were taken by the PMSD
• Of the 13 elected PTR/MMM seats, 9 were won b the MMM and four by the PTR. All three top-up seats were taken by the MMM.

2010 legislative election

List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Mauritius.

Below is a list of Speakers of the National Assembly (until 1992 the Legislative Assembly) of Mauritius:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritius)

Parliament of Malawi, Website

The National Assembly of Malawi is the supreme legislative body of the nation. It is situated on Capital Hill, Lilongwe along Presidential Way. The National Assembly alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in Malawi. At its head is the Speaker of the House who is elected by his or her peers.^[2] Since June 2014 the Speaker is Richard Msowoya.

The 1994 Constitution provided for a Senate but Parliament repealed it. Malawi therefore has a unicameral legislature in practice.^[2] The National Assembly has 193 Members of Parliament (MPs) who are directly elected in single-member constituencies using the simple majority (or first-past-the-post) system and serve five-year terms.

Current Parliament

The current parliament was inaugurated on 9 June 2014 after the 2014 general election. No party managed to secure a majority in the house. Two by-elections were expected to be held for the Thyolo East and Blantyre North constituencies. Peter Mutharika won the presidential election and therefore could not represent the former constituency, while a Malawi Congress Party candidate died prior to the election in the latter.

List of Speakers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Malawi)

The Senate, Website

National Assembly of DRC, Website

The Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo consists of two chambers: The Senate (Upper Chamber), The National Assembly (Lower Chamber)

The Senate (Upper Chamber)

The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. During the transition period in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003 - 2006), the Senate, aside from its Legislative role, also had the task of drafting the country's new constitution. This task came to fruition with the adoption of the draft in Parliament in May 2005, and its approval by the Congolese people, in a successful democratic referendum on 18 and 19 December 2005.

The current President of the Senate is Kengo Wa Dondo, elected in May 2007. The Secretary-General is David Byaza Sanda Lutala.

Election

Members of the Senate are indirectly elected based on proportional representation by the Provincial Assemblies. Each of the 25 provinces elects four senators, with the exception of the city-province of Kinshasa, which elects 8. Elected senators serve 5-year terms. Former presidents sit as senators for life by right.

Current Senate

Senators were elected under the new constitution on 19 January 2007 by the provincial parliaments of their respective provinces. The results of the latest election was:

Transitional Senate

The National Assembly (Lower Chamber)

The National Assembly is the lower house and main legislative political body of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was established by the 2006 constitution.

Electoral system

The National Assembly is elected every 5 years by universal suffrage. There are 500 seats, 61 members are elected in single member constituencies while the remaining 439 members are elected in multi member constituencies by open list.

Numbers of deputies for each ville, commune (Kinshasa) and territory

Parentheses contain the number of deputies elected from each subdivision

Bandundu

• Cities of Bandundu (1), Kikwit (3)
• District du Kwango
  • Territories of Feshi (1), Kahemba (1), Kasongo Lunda (2), Kenge (3), Popokabaka (1)
• District du Kwilu
  • Territories of Bagata (2), Bulungu (9), Gungu (3), Idiofa (6), Masi-Manimba (6)
• District du Mai-Ndombe
  • Territories of Inongo (2), Kiri (1), Kutu (2), Oshwe (1)
• District des Plateaux
  • Territories of Bolobo (1), Kwamouth (1), Mushie (1), Yumbi (1)

Bas-Congo

• Villes de Boma (2), Matadi (3)
  • Territoire de Moanda (2)
• District du Bas-fleuve
  • Territoires de Lukula (2), Seke-Banza (2), Tshela (2)
• District des Cataractes
  • Territoires de Luozi (2), Mbanza-Ngungu (4), Songololo (2)
• District de la Lukaya
  • Territoires de Kasangulu (1), Kimvula (1), Madimba (3)

Équateur

• Villes de Gbadolite, (1) Mbandaka (2), Zongo (1)
• District de l'Équateur
  • Territoires de Basankusu (1), Bolomba (1), Bikoro (1), Bomongo (1), Ingende (1), Lukolela (1), Makanza (1)
• District du Nord-Ubangi
  • Territoires de Businga (3), Bosobolo (2), Yakoma (2)
• District du Sud-Ubangi
  • Territoires de Budjala (2), Gemena (7), Kungu (3), Libenge (1)
• District de la Mongala
  • Territoires de Bumba (5), Bongandanga (2), Lisala (3)
• District de la Tshuapa
  • Territoires de Befale (1), Boende (2), Bokungu (1), Djolu (1), Ikela (1), Monkoto (1)

Kasaï-Occidental

• Towns of Kananga (6), Tshikapa (4)
• Kasaï District
  • Territories of Dekese (1), Ilebo (3), Kamonia (9), Luebo (2), Mweka (3)
• Lulua District
  • Territories of Demba (3), Dembelenge (2), Dibaya (2), Kazumba (3), Luiza (3)

Kasaï-Oriental

• Villes de Mbuji-Mayi (11), Mwene-Ditu (2)
• District de Kabinda
  • Territoire de Gandajika (3), Kabinda (3), Kamiji (1), Lubao (2), Luilu (3)
• District de la Sankuru
  • Territoires de Katako-Kombe (2), Kole (2), Lodja (3), Lomela (1), Lubefu (1), Lusambo (1)
• District de Tshilenge
  • Territoires de Kabeya-Kamwanga (1), Katanda (1), Lupatapata (1), Miabi (1), Tshilenge (2)

Katanga

• Towns of Lubumbashi (10), Kolwezi (3), Likasi (3)
• District of Kolwezi
  • Territories of Lubudi (2), Mutshatsha (1)
• District of Lualaba
  • Territories of Dilolo (2), Kapanga (1), Sandoa (2)
• District of Haut-Katanga
  • Territories of Kambove (2), Kasenga (2), Kipushi (2), Mitwaba (1), Pweto (3), Sakania (2)
• District of Haut-Lomami
  • Territories of Bukama (4), Kabongo (4), Kamina (3), Kaniama (1), Malemba-Nkulu (4)
• District of Tanganyika
  • Territories of Kabalo (2), Kalemie (4), Kongolo (4), Manono (3), Moba (3), Nyunzu (1)

Kinshasa

• Communes de Bandalungwa (2), Barumbu (1), Bumbu (2), La Gombe (Kinshasa) (1), Kalamu (3), Kasa-Vubu (1), Kimbanseke (7), Kinshasa (commune) (1), Kintambo (1), Kisenso (2), Lemba (3), Limete (4), Lingwala (1), Makala (2), Maluku (2), Masina (5), Matete (3), Mont Ngafula (2), Ndjili (3), Ngaba (2), Ngaliema (6), Ngiri-Ngiri (1), Nsele (1), Selembao (3)

Maniema

• City of Kindu (2)
• Territories of Kabambare (2), Kaïlo (1), Kasongo (3), Kibombo (1), Lubutu (1), Pangi (2), Punia (1)

Nord-Kivu

• Villes de Beni (3), Butembo (4), Goma (4)
• Territories of Beni (10), Lubero (9), Masisi (8), Rutshuru (9), Walikale (2)

Orientale

• City of Kisangani (5)
• Bas-Uele District
  • Territories of Aketi (1), Ango (1), Bambesa (1), Bondo (2), Buta (1), Poko (1)
• Haut-Uele District
  • Territories of Dungu (8), Faradje (2), Niangara (1), Rungu (3), Wamba (3), Watsa (2)
• Ituri District
  • Territories of Aru (6), Djugu (2), Irumu (5), Mahagi (7), Mambasa (2)
• Tshopo District
  • Territories of Bafwasende (1), Banalia (2), Basoko (2), Isangi (3), Opala (2), Ubundu (2), Yahuma (1)

Sud-Kivu

• Ville de Bukavu (6)
• Territoires de Fizi (3), Idjwi (1), Kabare (4), Kalehe (4), Mwenga (4), Shabunda (1), Uvira (6), Walungu (5)

Transitional Assembly

Prior to the 2006 election, the National Assembly was an appointed body consisting of representatives of the difference parties to the peace agreement that ended the Second Congo War.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo

http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd

http://www.senat.cd

http://www.parlamento.ao

The National Assembly (Portuguese: Assembleia Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of Angola. The National Assembly is a unicameral body, with 220 members: 130 members elected by proportional representation and 90 members elected by provincial districts.

The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) has held a majority in the Assembly since independence. Due to the Angolan Civil War, elections were delayed for years until they were eventually held in September 2008. The most recent election was held in 2012, after a new constitution was adopted in 2010, increasing considerably the power of the President, and diminishing that of the National Assembly as well as that of the judiciary.

Jurisdiction

The Angolan government is composed of three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch of the government is composed of the President, the Vice-Presidents and the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch comprises a 220-seat unicameral legislature elected from both provincial and nationwide constituencies. On account of civil wars from independence, political power has been concentrated in the presidency. There are various temporary and permanent committees in the Assembly that help in the operational and administrative functions of the Assembly.^[1]

Selection of members

The Unicameral Parliament of Angola was scheduled was originally constituted with 229 elected members.^[2] for a period of three years after the elections. All Angolan citizens with 18 years of age were eligible to cast their vote. Citizens who were members of factional groups, had criminal record and who had not rehabilitated were barred from exercising their voting rights. The representatives of the provincial assemblies formed a college and they elected the representatives of the House of Parliament. The candidates were expected to be answerable to the citizens in public meetings, with their candidature approved by a majority in the province where they were getting nominated. A constitutional amendment on 19 August 1980 indicated that the Council formed during interim would be replaced by a national people's assembly and there would be 18 elected assemblies.^[2]

Premises

The original building of the National Assembly from 1980, also called People's assembly was located in Estúdio/Restauração Cinema in urban district of Ingombota. The new building inaugurated on 9 November 2015 was initiated on 15 October 2009, while the construction started on 17 May 2010. It is a part of the Political Administrative Centre covering an area of 72,000 Sq.m and a built area of 54,000 sq.m. The Centre accommodates Presidential Palace, the Palace of Justice, the Defence Ministry, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, the Episcopal Palace and the premises of the former National Assembly headquarters. The New Assembly has 4,600 seats overall with 1,200 in meeting rooms. The compound has four blocks each with six floors, a basement parking that can accommodate 494 vehicles, out of which 34 is reserved for VIPs. The construction was carried out by Portuguese company Teixeira Duarte under the supervision of Special Works Office of the Government of Angola. The building was inaugurated by José Eduardo dos Santos on 10 November 2015.^[3]

Performance of political parties

Jose Eduardo dos Santos won the 1980 and 1986 elections and became the first elected President of the country. At the time, the country was a one-party state, with the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (MPLA-PT) as the sole legal party.^[4] As a result, most candidates were members of the party, and two-thirds were re-nominated from 1980 elections in the 1986 elections. The civil war continued with UNITA fighting against the MLPA, with both parties taking international support. There was a cease-fire agreement during 1989, with the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, but it collapsed soon. As a part of its peace efforts, MLPA dropped its theme of Marxism–Leninism and moved over to socialism. During May 1991, Dos Santos and Savimbi signed a multiparty democracy agreement in Lisbon.^[5][6] Dos Santos won the 1992, 2008 and 2012 elections as well in the Presidency elections, but different parties started performing. During the 1992 elections, when the first multi-party elections were held, UNITA secured 34.1 per cent vote in the assembly and won 70 seats. But during the 2008 and 2012, their win was reduced to 16 and 32 seats respectively, while the ruling MPLA won 191 and 175 seats respectively.^[7][8]

Presidents of the National Assembly of Angola

Presidents (Speakers) of the People's Assembly of Angola

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Angola)